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In terms of market dynamics, China’s titanium dioxide industry has witnessed substantial growth over the past decade. The increasing demand from emerging sectors such as new energy sources and high-end manufacturing has propelled the industry forward. However, challenges like overcapacity and intense competition remain. To maintain a leading position, Chinese producers are focusing on improving product quality, expanding into high-value markets, and exploring international opportunities.

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In vitro, in the hemocytes of the marine mussel Mytilus hemocytes, suspension of TiO2 NPs (Degussa P25, 10 μg/ml) stimulated immune and inflammatory responses, such as lysozyme release, oxidative burst and nitric oxide production. Vevers and Jha demonstrated the intrinsic genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs on a fish-cell line derived from rainbow-trout gonadal tissue (RTG-2 cells) after 24 h of exposure to 50 μg/ml. Reeves et al. demonstrated a significant increase in the level of oxidative DNA damage in goldfish cells, and suggested that damage could not repaired by DNA repair mechanisms. Another suggestion from the mentioned study was that hydroxyl radicals are generated also in the absence of UV light. It has been shown that fish cells are generally more susceptible to toxic/oxidative injury than mammalian cells.

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China's commitment to sustainable development has led to significant improvements in the lithopone manufacturing process. Advanced technologies such as pollution control systems and energy-efficient equipment have been adopted to minimize the environmental footprint of the industry. Additionally, efforts are being made to develop more eco-friendly alternatives to traditional lithopone pigments, further reducing the industry's environmental impact.

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